CBI Empowered to Investigate Frauds in Real Estate and Banking Sectors
The Supreme Court has granted the CBI authority to investigate six more cases involving alleged fraud by banks and real estate developers. This decision could reshape the rules governing real estate financing and enhance accountability in the sector.
CbiReal EstateBanking FraudSubvention SchemeHomebuyersReal EstateSep 23, 2025
A bench of Justices Surya Kant, Ujjal Bhuyan, and N Kotiswar Singh permitted the CBI to proceed after the agency reported that its preliminary inquiries in these projects, excluding Supertech Ltd, had found evidence of cognisable offences. Additional Solicitor General Aishwarya Bhati, representing the CBI, informed the court that the agency was prepared to file six regular cases to expedite the investigation and conduct search and seizure operations. The bench directed her to share relevant portions of the sealed cover report with amicus curiae Rajiv Jain.
This development follows the court’s earlier order on July 22, when it allowed the CBI to file 22 cases into similar allegations within Delhi-NCR. Those cases centered on projects in Noida, Greater Noida, Gurugram, and adjoining areas under the jurisdiction of development authorities in Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. At that time, the court also gave the agency six weeks to complete preliminary inquiries into projects outside NCR. Tuesday’s decision effectively extends the investigation nationwide, reflecting the scale of the alleged nexus between builders and banks.
At the core of the controversy lies the subvention scheme. Under this model, banks directly disburse loans to builders, who are expected to service the equated monthly instalments (EMIs) until flats are handed over. Once builders began defaulting, banks turned to homebuyers, demanding repayment despite buyers not receiving possession of their homes. This has triggered widespread legal battles. Over 1,200 homebuyers, particularly in Noida, Greater Noida, and Gurugram, have petitioned the Supreme Court, saying they were being saddled with EMIs for undelivered flats.
The Supreme Court has been openly critical of the collusion it perceives between banks, builders, and development authorities. Judges noted a prima facie nexus across several regions, including Mohali, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Prayagraj, in addition to NCR hubs. Earlier this year, on March 29, the court allowed the CBI to register five preliminary inquiries into projects in Noida, Greater Noida, Gurugram, Yamuna Expressway, and Ghaziabad, alongside a separate case against Supertech Ltd.
Supertech has been repeatedly highlighted in court proceedings. The amicus curiae described it as the “main culprit,” pointing to the company’s history of raising loans. According to records placed before the court, Supertech has secured borrowings worth over Rs 5,157 crore since 1998. Corporation Bank alone is reported to have advanced over Rs 2,700 crore to various builders through subvention-linked lending.
The ongoing hearings represent one of the most far-reaching judicial interventions in India’s housing sector. For thousands of homebuyers, the case may determine whether responsibility for failed subvention deals rests with banks, builders, or regulators. The Supreme Court’s consistent emphasis on accountability suggests that both financial institutions and developers may face heightened scrutiny going forward. This could lead to significant changes in the way real estate projects are financed and managed in the future.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the subvention scheme in real estate?
The subvention scheme is a financing model where banks directly disburse loans to builders. Builders are responsible for servicing the equated monthly instalments (EMIs) until the flats are handed over to the homebuyers. Once builders default, banks often turn to homebuyers to demand repayment, even if the buyers have not received possession of their homes.
Why is the CBI investigating these cases?
The CBI is investigating these cases because preliminary inquiries have found evidence of cognisable offences involving collusion between banks and real estate developers. The investigations aim to uncover the extent of the fraud and hold the responsible parties accountable.
What is the role of the Supreme Court in this investigation?
The Supreme Court has authorized the CBI to register and investigate multiple cases involving alleged fraud in the real estate and banking sectors. The court is overseeing the process to ensure that the investigation is thorough and that justice is served for the affected homebuyers.
How many cases has the CBI been authorized to investigate?
The CBI has been authorized to investigate 28 cases in total. This includes 22 cases in the Delhi-NCR region and six additional cases in other cities such as Mumbai, Bengaluru, Kolkata, Mohali, and Prayagraj.
What impact could this investigation have on the real estate sector?
This investigation could lead to significant changes in the way real estate projects are financed and managed. It may result in stricter regulations and increased accountability for both financial institutions and developers, potentially reshaping the rules governing real estate financing in India.
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